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2022 EMNLP EMNLP 2022

Automatic Classification of Legal Violations in Cookie Banner Texts

Abstract

AbstractCookie banners are designed to request consent from website visitors for their personal data. Recent research suggest that a high percentage of cookie banners violate legal regulations as defined by the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the ePrivacy Directive. In this paper, we focus on language used in these cookie banners, and whether these violations can be automatically detected, or not. We make use of a small cookie banner dataset that is annotated by five experts for legal violations and test it with state of the art classification models, namely BERT, LEGAL-BERT, BART in a zero-shot setting and BERT with LIWC embeddings. Our results show that none of the models outperform the others in all classes, but in general, BERT and LEGAL-BERT provide the highest accuracy results (70%-97%). However, they are influenced by the small size and the unbalanced distributions in the dataset.

🌉 Interdisciplinary Bridge — Deep Learning and Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing
🧭 Keyword Pioneer — legal violation classification
🐣 Hot Topic Early Bird — legal text
🐝 Cross-Pollinator — Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science, Computer Vision, Data Science & Analytics, Deep Learning, Healthcare & Medicine, Interdisciplinary, Knowledge & Reasoning, Machine Learning, Mathematics & Optimization, Natural Language Processing, Reinforcement Learning, Robotics, Security & Privacy, Speech & Audio

Authors

Marieke Van Hofslot , Almila Akdag Salah , Albert Gatt , Cristiana Santos

Topics

Machine Learning > Core Methods > Classification Machine Learning > Learning Types > Zero-Shot Learning Machine Learning > Application Areas > Domain Adaptation Natural Language Processing > Applications > Text Classification Natural Language Processing > Resources & Methods > Large Language Models Deep Learning > Learning Types > Classification

Keywords

zero-shot learning text classification legal text transformer model legal violation classification cookie banner legal violation detection legal violation
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