Boost, Disentangle, and Customize: A Robust System2-to-System1 Pipeline for Code Generation

AbstractTo address these limitations, we propose BDC, a novel framework that Boosts reasoning exploration via multi-agent collaboration, Disentangles heterogeneous data into specialized experts, and Customizes solutions through dynamic model composition. BDC integrates a Monte Carlo Tree-of-Agents algorithm, where multiple LLMs mutually verify and refine reasoning paths through reflection-guided pruning, enabling efficient exploration of high-quality solutions. To handle data diversity, we cluster problems by latent semantics, train composable LoRA experts on each cluster, and deploy an input-aware hypernetwork to dynamically merge these experts into tailored solvers. Experiments on APPS and CodeContest benchmarks demonstrate BDC’s superiority: it achieves up to 73.8% accuracy on hard problems, outperforming state-of-the-art methods like LATS and RethinkMCTS by 9–15%. This work lays the groundwork for advancing LLM capabilities in complex reasoning tasks, offering a novel System2-to-System1 solution.